
In Jakarta, Indonesia, for two years, the families of human trafficking victims have waited anxiously for the return of their loved ones, who have been forced into slavery in online scam operations in Myanmar. These families continue to hope the Indonesian government will intervene and rescue them.
“Please, Indonesian government. How much longer will our family remain abandoned?” asked Yanti, the sister of one of the victims still trapped in Myanmar.
Myanmar—along with Cambodia, the Philippines, Laos, and Thailand—has become a Southeast Asian hub for pig butchering scams. This form of long-term financial fraud involves perpetrators building trust with victims, often through fake romantic or friendship relationships, before convincing them to invest in fraudulent schemes.
As of March 2024, Indonesia’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs reported that 30 Indonesian citizens remain trapped in Myanmar.
“We truly understand the families’ concerns, and I will do everything possible to bring them home. However, the problem lies in accessing such a dangerous area. No foreigner has ever managed to enter it,” said Rina Komaria, Head of the Southeast Asia Sub-Directorate at the Directorate for the Protection of Indonesian Citizens, Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Recruitment Pattern
Friend’s Deception
The COVID-19 pandemic devastated lives, leaving household finances in ruins. Many people were laid off, struggled to find new jobs, and became burdened with debt. This situation made some individuals easy targets for human trafficking syndicates.
These organized crime groups recruit victims through various methods. They post fake job advertisements on social media, posing as trusted institutions. They also exploit their own friends––as happened to Siska and her husband, Tito.
The couple’s nightmare began when Ahong, a friend, visited their home and tricked Tito into becoming a victim of human trafficking. As of August 18, 2024, Tito was still trapped in Myanmar.
“Ahong would eat and drink at our house when he was struggling financially. My husband trusted him. They were close friends—how could my husband think badly of him? And then, he deceived my husband,” Siska said.
In the past, Tito and Ahong worked for the same company. But later, Ahong moved to Thailand. When he found out that Tito had been laid off, he invited him to work at “a tech company” in Thailand, promising a monthly salary of Rp8 million (US$510)—a significant amount compared to Indonesia’s minimum wage of around US$286.
At first, Tito declined because he didn’t have money for travel expenses.
“But Ahong was persistent and even offered to cover the costs,” Siska said.
Siska recalled how Ahong reassured them: “Don’t worry, everything’s safe. There’s nothing strange. I’ll handle everything.”
“So my husband agreed. Our financial situation was bad, and he was stressed about our debts,” Siska explained.
In April 2022, after Ahong arranged the administrative and financial matters, Tito left for Thailand alone. At a Bangkok airport, someone claiming to be from the company—an associate of Ahong—picked him up. Tito stayed in a Bangkok hotel for three days, waiting for another worker, a man from Palembang.
On the third day, a company representative took Tito and the man from Palembang on a long journey through the jungle. When they finally arrived at the company, Tito saw Ahong again.
Soon after, Siska began having trouble contacting her husband—the company had confiscated his phone, allowing Tito to use it only twice a week.
Siska occasionally reached out to Ahong for updates, but over time, her husband told her to stop.
“Don’t contact Ahong anymore. If you do, it’s like killing me. He sold me to the Chinese to work as a scammer,” Siska said, recalling her husband’s words.
“At first, my husband thought he was still in Thailand. Later, he realized he was already in Myanmar,” she added.
Siska never discovered her husband’s exact location, and then Ahong disappeared.
“I’ve lost contact with my husband, and Ahong’s number is no longer active. But I’ve heard that Ahong has returned to Indonesia,” Siska said.
According to a May 2024 report by the United States Institute of Peace (USIP), Chinese criminal networks operating in Myanmar shifted their focus during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Initially, from 2017, these criminal organizations controlled illegal cyber gambling businesses along the Myanmar-Thailand border, with support from the Karen Border Guard Force (BGF), which is affiliated with the Myanmar military. In 2020, the Myanmar government shut down many of these operations in Karen State (now called Kayin State). However, following the military coup in February 2021, these criminal organizations resurfaced and expanded into running pig butchering scams.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, China closed its borders, making it difficult for these networks to recruit workers domestically. As a result, they began targeting workers from other countries, including Indonesia.
“Globally distributed human trafficking networks play a role in this process. Their task is to deliver job seekers to scam centers. And Myanmar-based criminal groups are the ones who pay them,” the USIP report stated.

Satellite images of KK Park, an area that has become a base for cyber fraud, online gambling, and human trafficking operations in the state of Myanmar. (Google Earth)
Broker’s Promises
A panel of judges at the Bekasi District Court found Andri Satria Nugraha and Anita Setia Dewi guilty of human trafficking on February 5, 2024. The judges sentenced each of them to eight years in prison and fined them Rp200 million (US$12,763), with an additional four months in jail if they failed to pay the fine. The court also ordered them to jointly pay Rp600 million (US$38,292) in restitution to the victims, or serve an additional six months in prison if they do not pay.
Andri and Anita recruited and deceived dozens of Indonesians, forcing them to work as cyber scammers in Myanmar. Twenty victims recorded a video testimony about the fraud and torture they endured, which went viral on social media and prompted a response from President Joko Widodo.
On May 5, 2023, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, through the Indonesian embassies in Yangon, Myanmar, and Bangkok, Thailand, successfully evacuated them from Myawaddy, Myanmar. Four days later, the National Police’s Directorate of General Crimes (Bareskrim) arrested Andri and Anita at Sayana Apartment, Kota Harapan Indah, Bekasi Regency.
However, some of Andri’s and Anita’s victims remain trapped in Myanmar.
One of them is Pendi. His wife, Mona, is still fighting for her husband’s return to Indonesia.
The restaurant where Pendi worked went bankrupt due to the COVID-19 pandemic, leaving him with no choice but to work odd jobs. Sometimes, he worked as a motorcycle-taxi driver, and other times as a private driver. His income was barely enough to cover daily expenses.
One day, he met Andri Satria Nugraha and Anita Setia Dewi at Summarecon Mall Bekasi. The couple offered Pendi a job at “a technology company” in Thailand, promising a one-year contract with a monthly salary of around Rp10 million to Rp20 million (US$639 to $1,277).
They also promised to cover his flight, meals, accommodation, and other administrative costs. All that was required was proficiency in English and fast typing skills.
“They soon had a Zoom meeting, where Andri and Anita appeared along with eleven other victims. The departure process moved very quickly after my husband met them,” Mona said.
Mona grew suspicious because Andri and Anita never disclosed the name of the company, saying only that it was located in Bangkok.
“But my husband went anyway because he had good intentions—he wanted to provide for the family. So he accepted the offer to go to Thailand,” Mona said.
Andri and Anita arranged the departures in two groups. Pendi and four others—two women and two men—were part of the first group, which left Jakarta in July 2022. The second group departed from another location at a different time. Meanwhile, Andri and Anita stayed behind in Indonesia.
“When he arrived in Thailand, my husband contacted me. Someone from the company, who seemed to be in charge, picked him up. He looked Chinese but spoke with a bit of a Malaysian accent,” Mona said.
The company representative took the victims to a hotel in Bangkok, where they spent the night. The next day, they were driven 500 kilometers to Mae Sot, a city on Thailand’s western border with Myanmar, before crossing the Moei River. None of the victims realized they had been smuggled into Myanmar.
Once there, the company confiscated their passports and forced them to practice speed typing. They also restricted mobile phone use, making it difficult for Mona to contact Pendi.
“Three weeks later, my husband sent me a letter saying he had realized he’d been tricked. He asked me to report it to the Indonesian authorities,” Mona said.
Language Course Center
Yanti remembers Wahyu as an introverted person, determined to achieve his dreams. Ever since graduating from college, her brother had dreamed of working in South Korea. To pursue that goal, he enrolled in Korean language courses at the Korean Language Center Indonesia (KLCI) in Sukabumi—run by Latif Aliyudin.
“My brother took the Korean language test in Jakarta twice before he finally passed and got his certificate,” Yanti said.
With Latif’s help, Wahyu was almost sent to work at a manufacturing company in South Korea, but the plan was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In the meantime, Wahyu took on odd jobs, with his last position as a part-time teacher, earning Rp600,000 (US$38) per month.
“Then the course reached out again and offered him another opportunity, asking, ‘Do you still want to work in Korea? Departures have reopened,’” Yanti recalled. “My brother agreed because it was his dream.”
KLCI Sukabumi requested Rp20 million (US$1,278) for Wahyu’s departure costs. His family helped pay in installments—first Rp3 million, then Rp5 million—until the full amount was covered. However, Wahyu never went. KLCI said that processing the visa and work permit for South Korea was still complicated.
As an alternative, Latif suggested that Wahyu take a job at “a Korean subsidiary in Thailand.”
“He said it would only be for three months, at most, before my brother could finally go to South Korea. Wahyu agreed because he was unemployed, getting older, and had already paid in full,” Yanti explained.
Latif introduced Wahyu to a man named Ardli Fajar, who arranged accommodation for Wahyu at the City Park Apartment in Cengkareng. In November 2022, Wahyu departed for Thailand.
After Wahyu moved, Yanti found it difficult to stay in touch with him. His phone was often inactive, and her messages would only show a single check mark.
“I tried messaging him, but it would take three or four days—sometimes even a week—before he replied. He said he was healthy. I stayed positive, thinking maybe he was just adjusting to the work there. By December 2022, I still hadn’t heard much from him,” Yanti said.
Months passed, and Yanti completely lost contact with her brother. The family grew increasingly worried, especially as news reports about fraud and human trafficking in Southeast Asia began to surface.
“One day, I sent him some news articles and asked about his location and how he was doing. Two weeks later, he finally replied. But his messages sounded strange, like he was scared,” Yanti recalled.
Wahyu told her that he had been smuggled into Myanmar through Thailand. He wasn’t working at a manufacturing factory but had been forced to work as a cyber scammer—and he wasn’t getting paid.
“Brother, just escape,” Yanti urged.
“I can’t. I’m trapped behind a mountain.”
“Are they torturing you?”
“Yesterday, they electrocuted me,” Wahyu replied. “Don’t tell Mama. I’m afraid she’ll get sick from stress. Just pray for me to stay strong here.”

Satellite images of Taizhang Zone, the latest criminal area controlled by armed groups in Karen State, Myanmar. (Google Earth)
Days in the Camp
In Myanmar, Indonesians forced to work as pig butchering scam operators endure extremely long, inhumane working hours—17 to 20 hours a day with only 30 minutes of rest, without holidays or pay.
The cyber fraud organizations force these enslaved workers to scam 100 people each day, primarily targeting citizens from the United States, Canada, and Australia. If they fail to meet their targets, their working hours are extended, or they face physical punishment. These punishments include standing for hours, running 30 laps around a soccer field while carrying a water-filled gallon, doing hundreds of push-ups, being hit with blunt objects, whipped, or even electrocuted—depending on the severity of their failure.
After being electrocuted by the syndicate, Wahyu’s body was covered in bruises, and he struggled to walk.
“His legs hurt, so he had to walk slowly. But even in that condition, he comforted us,” Yanti said.
Yanti recalled her brother telling her: “Don’t worry about me. I wore layers of clothes—thick ones. So when they electrocuted me, it didn’t feel as bad.”
“But being electrocuted is still being electrocuted—it breaks my heart,” Yanti said.
The victims have lost all choice and control over their lives. The company forces them to keep scamming, even though it goes against their conscience.
Siska recalled her husband Tito saying: “Bu, I can’t stand lying to people. When I look at the photos of the people I’m supposed to scam, I see their children and families. It makes me think of you and the kids at home. That’s when they beat me.”
“So my husband just accepted it when they beat his thighs with iron rods and beams until they bruised. Eventually, they hit him on the head. He wanted to fight back, but he couldn’t,” Siska said.
The Pig Butchering Scam

An illustration of the families of human trafficking victims in Myanmar. (Project M/Aan K. Riyadi)
The pig butchering scam is a type of online investment fraud with two stages.
The first stage, known as “fattening the pig,” involves building trust between the scammer and the target. Scammers use fake identities to approach their targets on social media. In some cases, they steal real people’s identities.
The scammers often pose as glamorous, wealthy individuals—attractive, upper-class men or women—who flaunt luxury goods, enjoy horseback riding, travel the world, and drive Ferraris. They use these personas to lure wealthy targets.
Initially, the scammer is warm and friendly, engaging the target as if they’ve known each other for a long time. Once trust is established, the scammer introduces an investment opportunity, promising high returns through fake cryptocurrency trading platforms set up by the company.
The second stage, “butchering the pig,” begins when the scammer embezzles the target’s money. Once the target has invested large sums, the scammer vanishes, along with the investment platform, leaving the target in financial ruin.
But not all scams go as planned.
If the scammer fails to deceive the target, the criminal groups may extort the scammer’s family. For instance, the company might demand a ransom, promising to release the operator if the family pays.
The syndicate once demanded Rp150 million (US$9,560) each from Mona and Yanti for the release of Pendi and Wahyu. Similarly, they asked Siska for US$10,000 to free Tito. When the families couldn’t pay, the company threatened to sell the victims to other criminal groups.
Siska remembered Tito saying: “They sold me to a new company. They confiscated my phone. I can’t take it anymore. Please prepare US$8,000.”
“My husband called me, crying. He couldn’t endure it any longer. The punishments at the second company were even worse. But where was I supposed to get that kind of money?” Siska said.
Mona also had no choice but to accept that her husband would be sold to another company. On average, victims were sold more than twice.
“I asked my extended family for help, but I couldn’t raise that much money. I reached a point where I knew there was nothing else I could do. If my husband was going to be sold again, I just had to accept it,” Mona said.
“We’re also scared. Even if we pay, there’s no guarantee they’ll come home. If not, we’ll just end up in debt,” Yanti added, thinking of her brother, Wahyu.
But the company doesn’t care whether the families have money or not—they just want payment.
Yanti once told the company she couldn’t afford to pay.
“They told me, ‘If you can’t pay, we’ll take him to an underground prison,’” Yanti said.
“At that point, we didn’t know my brother’s condition. We feared the worst—thinking he might die,” she added.
Demanding Repatriation
Transnational crime has a domino effect. The victims’ families—mostly wives—not only suffer emotionally but also bear the financial burden alone.
Siska works tirelessly to support her family and ensure her two young children get enough nutrition.
“Now I have to work harder than ever. In the morning, I run a laundry service from home,” Siska said. “In the afternoon, I work at a clothing store until 10 p.m. If I’m not too tired, I stay up ironing until dawn.”
Mona is in a similar situation, now working as a domestic worker to support her family. Her and Pendi’s two children had to drop out of college to help with the family’s financial struggles.
“They’re working now. We help each other. I feel guilty that their father’s situation has burdened them, especially at such a young age,” Mona said.
These women have taken on multiple roles as they continue to fight for their families. They’ve appealed to the police, BP2MI, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the National Commission on Human Rights, and even visited the House of Representatives. Several civil society organizations have supported them, yet they still have no clear answers.
“The government keeps asking us to be patient and wait. We don’t know what the obstacles are—we’re just housewives who don’t understand diplomacy,” Mona said.
“The police still haven’t arrested Latif. They’ve summoned him twice. They should bring him in by force,” Yanti added, referring to Latif Aliyudin, the owner of the Korean Language Center Indonesia (KLCI) in Sukabumi.
“My husband even asked me to seek financial help from people in the village. He said, ‘If the government can’t bring me home, we’ll have to prepare the ransom ourselves,’” Siska said.
Exhausted from fighting alone, the women started a joint movement called “Jerat Kerja Paksa” (Forced Labor Trap), a self-help initiative supporting victims and families of modern slavery in Southeast Asia.
They’ve shared their struggles in public forums and, most recently, sent an open letter to President Joko Widodo on June 26—World Day Against Torture—through the State Secretariat. In the letter, they urged Jokowi and his cabinet to address human trafficking urgently.
“No one deserves to be tortured, and no one should have the right to torture others,” the letter stated.
Meanwhile, the Directorate of Protection of Indonesian Citizens at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs said they have not yet been able to rescue the victims.
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs said they have tried several approaches, including seeking assistance from the Myanmar government, approaching the government of the People’s Republic of China (details of which they cannot disclose), and communicating with the Karen Border Guard Force that controls the Karen State.
“The (Myanmar) government can’t reach the victims because their location is too close to the conflict zone,” said Rina Komaria, Head of the Southeast Asia Sub-Directorate of the Directorate of Protection of Indonesian Citizens at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Myanmar has been engulfed in a prolonged civil war, which intensified after the military staged a coup against the civilian government in February 2021. The conflict has spread across several regions, including Shan, Kachin, Karen, Rakhine and central Myanmar.
“About five to seven people are in the Hpa-An area. It’s extremely remote and close to the heart of the conflict. Not only is it difficult for Indonesians to reach, but even Myanmar authorities struggle to access the area,” Rina added.
Hpa-An is a major city in Karen State, a region that has drawn the attention of international human rights activists due to its role as a hub for transnational criminal operations.
Several areas in Karen State are suspected of being bases for cybercrime, online gambling, illegal casinos, and human trafficking. These include Apollo Park, Yatai New City (Shwe Kokko), Yulong Bay Park, KK Park 1 & 2 (Dongfeng), Dongmei Park and Myawaddy Town.

Satellite images of Dongmei Zone, which has become a hub for cyber fraud, online gambling, illegal casinos, and human trafficking in the Myanmar-Thailand border region. (Google Earth)
According to a report by Justice For Myanmar, these transnational criminal operations are controlled by Chinese criminal networks in collaboration with the Karen Border Guard Force (now the Karen National Army). One of the most prominent figures is Wan Kuok-Koi, also known as Yin Gouju or “Broken Tooth,” a former leader of the 14K Triad criminal group and the main investor in Dongmei Park.
Myanmar’s complex political situation is believed to limit the Indonesian government’s options. The success of repatriating Indonesian citizens relied heavily on establishing communication with local power networks.
“There’s no standard method to extract people from these areas. The complexity comes from the presence of numerous armed groups. And those we attempted to contact don’t have the authority to approach these companies directly,” Rina added.
Besides rescue efforts, Rina said the Indonesian authorities must apply preventive measures.
Rina said the Ministry of Foreign Affairs “always coordinates” with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and “always coordinates” with the Ministry of Communication and Information to remove false recruitment posts from social media. However, she likened the problem to mushrooms: “Cut one, a thousand grow.”
According to the Indonesian Coordinating Ministry for Human Development and Culture (Kemenko PMK), 3,703 Indonesian citizens became victims of human trafficking (TPPO) between 2020 and March 2024, coerced into working as online scam operators.
These individuals were trafficked to Cambodia, followed by the Philippines, Thailand and Myanmar. The victims primarily came from North Sumatra, North Sulawesi, West Kalimantan, Central Java, West Java, DKI Jakarta, East Java, Bali, and Riau.
“Prevention isn’t our main responsibility. Our core work focuses on handling cases and providing services to Indonesian citizens facing problems abroad. If prevention efforts in Indonesia aren’t properly addressed, the Directorate of Protection of Indonesian Citizens will just keep ‘sweeping’ and ‘washing dishes’—because the cases will keep coming,” Rina said.

Triggered by heavy rainfall from a tropical cyclone, the Sittaung River in Myanmar has been steadily rising since 19 July, inundating more than 60 low-lying neighbourhoods and villages including Taungoo, Oktwin, Htantabin, Shwekyin, Nyaunglaypin, and Madauk Townships.
Locals report that most wells have been submerged or polluted by floodwater, leaving communities with little to no access to safe drinking water. Many are now relying on stored rainwater for survival.
The wells are flooded. In the town, we can’t even buy purified drinking water anymore, and prices have gone up. Roads are under water, cutting off the supply of goods. The situation is worse in the villages. Places like Oktwin, Htantabin, Madauk, and Shwekyin have completely run out of drinking water. —a local resident.
Communication lines have also been disrupted in many flood-hit areas, with phone and internet services down, hampering coordination efforts and delaying relief operations.
According to a local social welfare group in Taungoo, nearly 50,000 people have been affected in that township alone, where nine relief camps have been set up.
“People are still arriving at the camps. The water hasn’t risen today, but it hasn’t receded either. We’re helping families who are trying to relocate,” an official said.
In Madauk Township, nearly 90 percent of the area remains submerged after more than a week of continuous flooding.
Local sources say that the junta has imposed restrictions on independent relief teams, further limiting access to emergency aid.
“Relief work is only visible in Taungoo. In other areas, no official teams are present. Local authorities and civilians aren’t offering help either. There are military checkpoints between towns. People are desperate,” said a resident of Oktwin.
With no official aid reaching many villages, flood victims have sought shelter with relatives on higher ground or are surviving in makeshift tents. In Madauk’s Nyaunpinpauk village alone, over 10,000 people have reportedly been affected.
“Last year’s flooding was severe, but there was aid. This year, it’s worse, and no camps have been opened,” said a local from Madauk.
The floods have also devastated livelihoods across the region, with many residents cut off from work, food supplies, and essential services. Aid workers warn that thousands now depend entirely on humanitarian assistance to survive.
According to the junta’s Department of Meteorology and Hydrology, the Sittaung River remains above danger levels in Taungoo and Madauk and is likely to stay high for at least another day. The Shwekyin River is also expected to remain above its danger level, though it may drop slightly.
Residents anticipate continued flooding in the Sittaung River basin until early August. While seasonal flooding is common in the Bago Region, this marks the second consecutive year of extreme inundation, with increasing calls for long-term disaster preparedness and immediate emergency relief.
Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos Jr. joined other Southeast Asian leaders in October in a high-level sit-down to renew its calls to end the protracted civil war in Myanmar, with the Philippine leader saying “new strategies” are needed to address the conflict.
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN leaders), including Marcos, have admitted the bloc’s peace deal with the Myanmar junta, signed just weeks after the 2021 coup, has failed to provide a lasting solution to the years-long violence that has displaced millions.
But this month also marks nearly a year since five displaced members of Myanmar’s Chin community filed a landmark war crimes case against junta officials in the Philippines. The case rests on the principle of universal jurisdiction, which they say allows them to hold their country’s human rights violators accountable in a court outside of Myanmar.

The leaders of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) pose for a family picture doing the signature “ASEAN-way” handshake at the ASEAN Summit in Vientiane, Laos, on 9 October 2024. Photo: Philippine Presidential Communications Office
In a February letter, the Department of Justice shot down the complaint and said it falls outside of Philippine jurisdiction. A motion of reconsideration filed in response to the letter said the complaint did not even reach the dockets.
For one of the group’s Filipino legal representatives, the case is an opportunity for the Philippine justice system — and by extension — the president, to step in where ASEAN’s negotiated solution has faltered.
“ASEAN needs to put up an institution or mechanism for accountability with regard to what’s happening in Myanmar. We think that action in the Philippines can be a foundation for that mechanism in the long run,” said Romel Bagares, international law professor and one of the lawyers representing the Chin minority group.
The pursuit of justice for the atrocities committed by the Myanmar junta against the Christian minority group is a “case of accountability for impunity” in Southeast Asia, Bagares told Philstar.com in an interview.
“To start the process, we can begin with the Philippines,” said Bagares.
Devastation of ‘Biblical proportions’
Represented by Filipino lawyers, five Chin individuals sued ten high-ranking junta officials in October 2023, including the top junta chief Senior Gen. Min Aung Hlaing. They accused the military regime of committing grave human rights abuses against the Chin community since the ouster of Myanmar’s democratically elected government in 2021.
The allegations include the murder of civilians, mutilation of bodies, arson of hundreds of homes, destruction of churches, and the weaponization of humanitarian aid.
For Salai Ling, one of the complainants, the junta’s abuses against minority Christians like him are “apocalyptic” and unprecedented in history, especially as the Chin State was one of the most impoverished in Myanmar even before the coup.
“We have literally half of the population displaced in a matter of four years,” said Salai Ling, who is also the deputy executive director of the Chin Human Rights Organization. “We have not even begun to reel back from the devastating effects of the COVID-19 pandemic when the junta launched an all-out military assault on our land and unleashed unimaginable atrocities against our people.”
“They destroyed everything in their paths, razed the villages, destroyed livelihoods, arrested, tortured and killed civilians and combatants alike, and forced relocated communities and forced them into exile,” he said. “It is a devastation of Biblical proportions.”
The group, Bagares said, is undeterred by the justice department’s rejection of their complaint. They have already filed a motion for reconsideration and have been on an uncertain months-long wait for action on the case.
A copy of the motion for reconsideration, as seen by Philstar.com, assails the justice department for not even docketing the complaint, which it said should have been a routine and ministerial step. It points out that returning the undocketed complaint is irregular and violates established rules.
The motion also argues that the February letter confirmed there was enough evidence to start a preliminary investigation because the allegations involve war crimes under Philippine law.
“This case is noble for that reason. We expect all sorts of challenges to be lodged in the way of a complaint like this. But we think that we have strong grounds for invoking universal jurisdiction based on our study of international humanitarian law that we have in the Philippines,” Bagares said.
Why the Philippines?
Bagares cites Republic Act 9851 or the Philippine Act on Crimes Against International Humanitarian Law, Genocide, and Other Crimes Against Humanity as being of sufficient basis to try those accused of war crimes. The international law explained that the Philippines has a long history of prosecuting war crimes, with an established law and a judicial tradition that dates back to post-World War II. This includes successful prosecutions related to the Marawi and Zamboanga sieges, which invoked RA 9851.
Both Bagares and Salai Ling also cited the Philippines’ old reputation of being a human rights champion on the international stage — a view that would sharply drop during the Duterte administration and his launch of a deadly war on drugs. “We used to be the darling of the human rights community when it comes to atrocities and crimes… [But] as you know, the last administration brought us so low,” Bagares said.
The international law expert pointed out that the current Marcos administration is, contrary to its original position, now more open to the idea of holding Duterte accountable for rampant human rights violations committed during the drug war.
Marcos has, as several observers pointed out, constantly framed himself as a human rights champion during his overseas tours even as his government has kept Duterte’s drug war going. Hostilities with the Duterte family this year have seen Marcos’ allies in Congress change their tune and, for the first time, seek answers to the abuses during Duterte’s presidency.
“I think that it will become inevitable that the government will answer to the demands of international accountability concerning the drug war,” Bagares said. “And if the government is going to accept a role in pursuing international accountability with respect to the drug war, then it should not be a problem for the Philippines… to take a stronger role on the Myanmar crisis.”
With ASEAN largely unable to rein in the junta’s continued abuses, Bagares said: “Our action in the Philippines is something that can spur a regional mechanism.”
Marcos’ response—or lack thereof—to the complaint of the Myanmar junta’s victims will test how serious he is about his pronouncements in the international arena that the Philipines is “ready to take the mantle for human rights,” Bagares said.
Salai Ling is banking on the Philippines’ reputation as “one of the most democratic countries in the region” to act on their case, especially with its upcoming chairpersonship of the ASEAN bloc in 2026.
“We believe that President Ferdinand Marcos Jr. has a special interest in providing a leadership that engages the global community with pride and deeds, and not with a conscience that keeps your head down for having failed to protect human rights, prevent atrocities and injustices in our own backyards,” Salai Ling said.
“The president can start providing the groundwork by supporting initiatives that have been started on Philippines soil that seek justice and accountability in Myanmar, to hold its military junta accountable for international crimes,” he added.
Early this week, Hollywood actor Meryl Streep called out the Taliban at the UN headquarters in New York, accusing their government of allowing more rights to “cats” and “squirrels” than women and girls in Afghanistan. The Taliban took great offense at this comment and said they “highly respected” women and would “never compare them to cats.” But one only needs to look at Afghanistan’s current government’s “morality laws”, the first such law to be codified ever since the armed militia took control over the country in August 2021, to understand which statement is closer to reality.
The 114-page code, published by the Ministry of Propagation of Virtue, Prevention of Vice and Hearing Complaints, enforces many restrictions on men and women but it goes as far as to impose literal silence on women. Women aren’t allowed to show their faces and bodies when they come out in public in order to “avoid temptation and tempting others.” In a country that ranks last in the Global Gender Gap Index (2023), the law not only deprives women living there of an identity but also effectively erases them from public life. However, soon after the law came into effect, Afghan women uploaded videos of themselves singing. By singing songs, the women have not only brought global attention but also inspire more women to stay resilient in the face of such adversity.

Today’s ‘Double Take’ – in which this journalist probes deeper into the socio-political events in Asia from an intersectional gendered lens – takes off from these small acts of resistance in Afghanistan, and looks into how women in other parts of Asia too have resisted oppression through art, music, and culture.
Women in Iran are prohibited from singing or performing in public and yet they defy such bans by performing at underground concerts and online.
Illustration: Sharanya Eshwar
Chuu Wai Nyein is an artist from Myanmar who chose to empower Burmese women in a society marked by harassment and abuse through her artwork. Her revolutionary art serves as a form of resistance against the ongoing military coup in Myanmar.
In India, men and women of the Dalit community – considered outside the stringent Hindu caste hierarchy and once deemed “untouchables” – have been using art forms like rap, gaana (music genre that originated in north chennai as the expression of the oppressed), and street theater (koothu) to fight caste and gender oppression.
Iranian visual artists Mahdieh Farhadkiaei and Atieh Sohrabi have used their art as a form of protest, boldly challenging oppressive norms such as their dress laws and advocating for freedom and change through their powerful, thought-provoking work.
As bold and empowering as these movements and actions may be, they often come with severe repercussions. Throughout history and even today, countless women who dare to speak out or create revolutionary art are censored, silenced, or even met with violent retaliation. From artists having their works banned to activists facing imprisonment or exile, the path of dissent against oppressive systems is fraught with risk. Yet, despite the dangers, these women continue to rise, their courage inspiring others to challenge the very forces that seek to suppress them.
As political activist and street artist Banksy aptly puts it, “Art should comfort the disturbed and disturb the comfortable.”

When it comes to feminist movements, are some women more equal than others? Are the brave voices we hear those of a privileged few? And do they really represent the diverse realities of all women? With the emergence of various waves of feminism across Asia, feminist movements have created quite a ripple by making significant progress. However, many have also been criticised for lacking inclusivity.
Today’s illustration for ‘Double Take’ – in which this journalist probes deeper into the socio-political events in Asia from an intersectional gendered lens – looks into this question of intersectionality when it comes to radical movements such as feminism.
Illustration: Sharanya Eshwar
The illustration above is based on actual events from last month in India, after protests broke out across the country against the brutal sexual assault of a doctor in the eastern Indian city of Kolkata.
In Mumbai – one of the world’s most expensive cities – one such protest took place at an upscale neighbourhood called Powai. Upper-class women took to the streets to demand safety for women. However, when women from a slum neighbourhood, comprising of historically marginalised and oppressed communities – the Dalits (outside the Indian caste hierarchy) and Adivasis (indigenous people) – joined them, the women from Powai told them they weren’t welcome to take part in “an exclusive protest only for residents of the Hiranandani complex (a posh residential building in Powai).”
The incident underscores how women of oppressed communities often find their struggles sidelined even though they face disproportionately more violence with little access to justice. Their experiences are deemed “different,” highlighting a divide in how feminist activism engages with caste-based oppression.
We’ve seen similar examples, such as in South Korea, where the ‘Escape the Corset’ campaign and the 4B movement advocate for women to fight against oppressive patriarchal norms, but has been criticised for not directly addressing the systemic and institutional barriers that perpetuate gender inequality in their society. This disproportionately impacts rural and economically disadvantaged women, potentially excluding them from the movement’s discourse and benefits.
In another instance, the annual Aurat March (which translates to “Women’s March”) in Pakistan aims to advance women’s rights but has drawn backlash for its controversial slogans that overshadow discussions on inclusivity and intersectionality.
In Myanmar, there are questions around whether the Rohingya women, who are further marginalised because of their identity, are ever a part of feminist efforts or discourse. In Indonesia the feminist movement’s elitist tendencies continue to exist and ostracise marginalised women.
There is a dire need for feminists to engage at a grassroots level to counter conservative movements and avoid remaining a minority confined to the middle class.
While feminism in Asia is increasingly aware of the need for intersectionality, there is still much work to be done to ensure that the voices of all women, regardless of caste, ethnicity, sexuality, education, sexual orientation, location or class, are heard and represented. The challenge is to eliminate further marginalisation of women based on other identities. As the famous civil rights icon Fannie Lou Hamer said, “Nobody’s free until everybody’s free.”
Dai Kaung, a 19-year-old Kachin young man, has lived in a refugee camp in Waingmaw Township since the military coup. After spending over two years in the camp, he found work at a rare earth mining site in the Pangwa area in early January 2024. He wanted to support his struggling family in the refugee camp.

Aerial view of a block being mined in Momok Township. Photo: Mizzima
Pangwa, located in northern Kachin State, is under the control of the Kachin militia led by Zakhung Ting Ying, who is loyal to the Myanmar military. This region is one of Myanmar’s largest producers of rare earth minerals, which are in high demand in neighbouring country China. Despite local opposition due to the environmental and livelihood impacts, rare earth production increased significantly after the military coup.
Dai Kaung was aware that rare earth production could severely harm the local environment and livelihood, but he needed the daily wage of 100 yuan (RMB) to support his family. Unfortunately, on May 29, the mining took his life when the mining site collapsed.
Along with him, some Chinese workers also went missing. Of the approximately 20 missing workers, only five bodies were recovered, and 12 people were confirmed dead.
“They told us he died. It rained heavily that day. He was such a good child, always helping his parents,” said Dai Naw, Dai Kaung’s sister. The family, including his parents, sister, and a younger brother, remained in the refugee camp and could not afford to hold a funeral for him.
Natural Resources and the Resistance after the Coup
Since the coup, Myanmar’s natural resource management has significantly deteriorated. The military’s administration has weakened, and previously ongoing environmental protection and management efforts have collapsed. Many youths have taken up arms against the military’s oppressive rule. Consequently, the number of armed groups across the country has reached nearly 900, according to political research organizations.
“We need money to fight the military. We rely on public donations and have to find other sources of income from the areas we control. The primary goal is to overthrow the military regime,” said a member of the current resistance movement.
They added that the need for funding and weapons for the armed resistance has driven the involvement in resource extraction activities.
Due to this situation, once-covert mining activites, opposed by local communities, are now onducted openly. Previously, only the militia, allies of the military, were involved in extensive rare earth production. Now, the Kachin Independence Army (KIA/KIO) is also heavily involved in these activities, leading to increased pressure and protests from local Kachin communities. However, as the belief strengthens that selling these natural resources to fund weapon purchases is crucial for toppling the military dictatorship, local Kachin environmental activists find themselves in a challenging position, unable to resist and left to watch helplessly.
China’s General Administration of Customs (GACC) records from the past four years show that Myanmar has been one of the top 20 countries supplying rare earth minerals to China. According to ISP – Myanmar, a think-tank, Myanmar has sold rare earth minerals worth approximately 2.6 billion USD to China since 2017, with about 2 billion USD worth sold after the coup.
Rare earth extraction in Kachin State has increased significantly since the coup. Before the coup, there were 114 rare earth mining sites in Kachin State, but now there are over 340 sites.
We need weapons and money to fight the military dictatorship. On the one hand, the environmental damage is severe, and Myanmar will suffer the consequences. This is already happening in Kachin and other regions. —an environmental expert who requested anonymity due to security reasons.


Before and After: Rare Earth Mineral Block in Chiphue Township in March 2021 (left) and February 2022 (right). Photo: Google Earth/Mizzima


Before and After: Mountain Ridge in Chiphue Township in October 2018 (left) that turned into a cluster of rare earth blocks by December 2022 (right). Photo: Google Earth/Mizzima
Number of Tons of Rare Earth Minerals exported from Myanmar to China by year

Why is Rare Earth so important to China?
Rare earth mining is mainly conducted in Chipwi, Momauk, and Mansi townships in Kachin State. Satellite images show extensive environmental damage in these mining areas.
Rare earth minerals are vital for the production of smartphones, vehicles, and military goods, making them highly valuable to China. China is also the world’s largest exporter of rare earth minerals, using this capacity to build political and economic power. Over the past four years, 80% of the rare earth minerals China imported came from Myanmar.
“They exploit rare earth from struggling countries like Myanmar, ruining local communities. Meanwhile, they use it to gain economic, political and diplomatic advantages over the US and Western countries,” said an expert on China-Myanmar relations.
Conflict between Rare Earth Mining, Local Communities, and Authorities
During Aung San Suu Kyi’s government, experts and activists voiced concerns about Myanmar’s natural resources and environmental issues, including rare earth mining. However, environmental policies were hard to implement amid conflicts with the military and ethnic armed groups. The areas controlled by the militia have always been weak in terms of civilian government influence, largely due to their cooperation with the military. Now, the situation has worsened significantly. Previously, the Kachin Independence Army (KIA/KIO) listened to the voices of local Kachin communities and refrained from rare earth mining. However, in the current situation, they have begun allowing rare earth mining in their controlled areas.
“They make holes on the mountains, and put acid into it. It destroys the environment. Streams that used to flow are now polluted or dry up,” said Tin Baung, a local from Pangwa. “The land is severely damaged. From an aerial view, Pangwa looks like a sore spot.”
In these dire conditions, another young Kachin, 16-year-old Shun Tu, lost his life. A seventh-grade student, he worked at a rare earth mining site because of his strength. He died within months after falling ill.
“People say he drank contaminated water from the mining site. Others have had similar experiences. Losing a son is indescribable,” his mother told Mizzima.
As rare earth mining sites increased, people in Chipwi Township, Phare locals said they could no longer let their chickens, pigs, buffaloes, and cows roam freely. Contaminated water from the mining areas killed the animals. We can’t farm or raise livestock anymore. It’s hard to survive here, they said.
Regarding the environmental issues in Kachin State, Khawn Zang, one of the leaders of the Transparency and Accountability Network Kachin (TANK), an environmental watchdog in Kachin said, “In the past, the chemicals they used caused many problems. Now, there are more environmental issues. They dig into people’s fields more often, leading to more protests. The situation has worsened.”
About 150,000 people live in the three main mining townships of Chipwi, Momauk, and Mansi, and their livelihoods are increasingly threatened by mining activities, according to environmental researchers.


Work Sites in Chiphue Township. Photo: Mizzima
Deforestation and the Resistance War in Sagaing
“People can’t continue farming or other regular jobs because of the fires and military raids. So they cut and sell trees to brokers to make a living,” said Tun Tun, a former forest department officer from Monywa District who joined the Civil Disobedience Movement (CDM) after the coup.
Sagaing’s famous timber areas like Yinmarpin, Monywa, Kathar, Kalay, Banmauk, Wuntho, and Chaung-U experienced illegal logging even before 2020, but forests remained. After the coup, deforestation skyrocketed. Valuable timber such as teak, ironwood, and tamalan attracted demand from China.
The NLD’s government had policies to protect forests, but these were abandoned after the coup when forest officers joined the CDM. The military’s involvement in forest management led to rampant illegal logging.
The resistance groups also relied on logging for funding their fight, Sagaing locals said. “They cut a lot of trees. All groups are involved. The checkpoints are manned by PDFs and the military. Each checkpoint costs between 500,000 to 1 million kyats. Brokers from Monywa and Mandalay handle it,” a local resident told Mizzima.
According to the Global Forest Watch (GFW), Myanmar had more than 31.7 million forest alerts from February 1, 2021, to March 27, 2024. Environmental researchers pointed out that this indicates the extent of logging.


With over 220 of the 330 townships in Myanmar experiencing some form of armed conflict, deforestation in Sagaing is a serious issue. Sagaing’s 45 townships include 19 severely affected by military violence. Villages have been burned, and airstrikes have been conducted by the military, resulting in over 90,000 homes burned nationwide, with 60,000 in Sagaing alone, according to Data for Myanmar.
Locals and experts say it is challenging to prioritize environmental protection amid the struggle for survival. “It’s not easy to get weapons. We have a lot of struggles. Some timber merchants used to trade guns for timber. Not all of them, though. Timber is transported to China. It’s sad to see the forests disappear. We will have to recover them later (after the overthrowing of Myanmar military junta),” a local close to Sagaing’s public administration PDF told Mizzima.
These logging activities are not only happening in Sagaing but also in the ASEAN Heritage Park of Alaungdaw Kathapa National Park. This park, spanning over 540 square miles, is a safe haven for wildlife. Now, even these forests are disappearing.
“After the coup, logging trucks started taking timber daily. It’s not a small amount,” a local eyewitness told Mizzima. Chinese merchants favor tamalan wood due to its beautiful grain, making it highly sought after by furniture manufacturers, locals said.
“A few months after the coup, the frequency of trucks coming to cut and transport wood has increased significantly,” a local eyewitness told Mizzima. The Alaungdaw Kathapa Forest is rich with teak and ironwood, and the Mahamyaing Reserve, not far from Alaungdaw Kathapa, has a high output of tamalan, a type of wood highly prized by Chinese merchants due to its beautiful grain, making it very popular among furniture makers, according to locals.


Before and After: Alongtaw Kassapa region in 2017 (left) and 2023 (right). Photos: Google Earth/Mizzima
Illegal logging poses a significant threat to the environment in Sagaing. However, Sagaing has long faced environmental challenges. The Letpadaung Copper Mine, which previously generated over two million USD in revenue per day, is one such challenge.
Since the coup, the mine has not been operating as visibly, but the military has erected fences and destroyed the homes of local residents near the project area. Copper from the mine continues to be transported with the help of Myanmar military forces, leading to frequent clashes between resistance forces and the military.
Similarly, the Taguang Nickel Plant in Tagaung Township, Sagaing, is another project of significant importance to China. This project is notorious for displacing local residents, violating human rights, and damaging the environment. At the end of July, the People’s Defense Forces (PDF) under the National Unity Government (NUG) seized control of the plant.

Aerial view of Letpadaung Copper Mine. Photo: Google Earth/Mizzima
However, due to pressure from the Chinese government, the resistance has assured that the project will be protected. This situation highlights that while Chinese projects may harm local communities and the environment, those involved in the conflict in Myanmar cannot easily resist China’s influence, both politically and economically.
Shan State’s Projects in Darkness
The escalating conflict and the instability following the military coup have silenced many local community-based organizations that once worked to raise awareness about the negative impacts of various projects and led protests against them. These organizations have had to flee their homes and now live under constant threat from armed groups, rendering them unable to speak out against ongoing projects, which are now proceeding unchecked.
In Shan State, after Operation 1027 launched in October last year, many strategically important Chinese projects in the region came under the control of Three Brotherhood Alliance (3BHA). These armed groups are reportedly close to Chinese influence, leading to situations where these projects could later be subject to negotiations with the armed groups. This scenario raises concerns about environmental impacts, especially if it results in conditions where the rights and voices of the local people are suppressed.
There is no rule of law to protect the people at this time. The public is not protected by the law, so businesses exploit them, and there are human rights violations, but the people can’t speak out. —an environmental activist based in Shan State, reflecting on the current situation.
In recent years, Chinese mining companies have operated in Shan State, but local residents are often kept in the dark about essential information. “With the country in ruins, those with weapons and power are doing whatever they can for their own benefit. For ordinary people, this means they can no longer cultivate their land or are increasingly exposed to environmental hazards. But right now, survival is the priority,” said a young displaced person from Shan State.
According to research by ISP-Myanmar, the combined value of projects planned and currently being implemented in Shan State by Chinese companies is over $23 billion, representing almost half of China’s total investment in Myanmar.
The military junta is currently facing both military and economic crises. The junta, which once profited from various trade routes, has lost control of many border trading posts connecting Myanmar with China, India, Bangladesh, and Thailand.
Since Operation 1027, they have lost control of five major trading posts, which account for nearly 40% of the total trade volume. Although the junta regained control of the Myawaddy post on the Thailand-Myanmar border with the help of the Karen Border Guard Force, trade flows have not returned to pre-conflict levels.
The economic situation in Myanmar has deteriorated significantly. The value of the kyat has plummeted from around 1,330 kyats per dollar in February 2021, at the time of the coup, to over 6,000 kyats per dollar today. The World Bank’s June report highlighted that due to ongoing conflict, labour shortages, and currency instability, conducting business in Myanmar has become extremely challenging, with poverty levels reaching their highest point in six years.
Given the country’s economic collapse, it raises the question of whether addressing environmental and resource destruction is still a priority or if more pressing issues have taken precedence.
However, the ongoing extraction and exploitation of resources make it increasingly difficult to mitigate environmental damage, as noted by an environmental expert. “There is practically nothing we can do now. Even if we try to revive the environment, it will take a long time. Right now, nothing is possible. The Chinese are buying up everything they can get their hands on,” the expert said.
Currently, most of the rare earth minerals from Kachin State are being directed to China, just as the majority of timber from Sagaing and Bago is also destined for China.
“Not everyone in the resistance is ignorant of environmental issues. Some are well aware. But with the pressing need for weapons and funding, they have no choice but to take this path. This makes it difficult to mitigate the damage,” the environmental expert explained.
The Chinese have also seized the opportunity to secure their influence in the resistance, with Chinese merchants capitalizing on the situation. The funds generated from selling timber to China are reportedly being used to purchase weapons. “Trucks are leaving Kachin every day, heading to China. Every group, regardless of who controls the area, is selling the timber to Chinese merchants. They handle transportation and clearing the routes,” a source close to the Sagaing resistance explained.
The path to effectively managing and conserving Myanmar’s natural environment and resources has always been fraught with challenges. However, the current situation represents an unprecedented difficulty. Amid political upheaval and the ongoing resistance, the continued exploitation of resources resembles a self-inflicted wound that exacerbates the country’s plight.
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